Barboza 1994 is unusual in that it presents portraits of numerous African American Muslims, many of which have connections to the Nation of Islam. Most of these surveys also have particular interests. Numerous works chronicle the Nation of Islam and its social context. The former sees the movement as an expression of black nationalism and the latter as a socioreligious protest movement. By 1977 some conservatives led by Louis Farrakhan resurrected the Nation of Islam with its original doctrines and institutions.Įssien-Udom 1962 and Lincoln 1994 are the earliest examinations of the Nation of Islam, the latter of which has been updated since its first publication in 1961. Soon after assuming leadership, he moved the Nation of Islam toward Sunni orthodoxy. Muhammad) who had been expelled several times for his Sunni Islam inclinations. After his death, he was succeeded by his son Warith Deen Mohammed (then known as Wallace D. After their split in 1964, Elijah Muhammad led the movement during the turbulent late 1960s and early 1970s. After itinerant preaching in the cities of the northeast United States and a prison sentence for draft dodging during World War II, Elijah Muhammad saw his efforts rewarded with a rapid expansion of his movement, especially with the efforts of his protégé, Malcolm X. After Fard Muhammad’s mysterious disappearance in 1934, the movement of several thousand fractured, but eventually Elijah Muhammad came to be seen as the sole leader. The only hope for peace and justice for the descendants of these slaves lied in the separation from whites and their wicked Christian religion in preparation for their imminent destruction at the hands of Allah in the person of Fard Muhammad. They were considered devils, whose greatest evil was the enslavement of Africans and who became the Lost-Found Nation of Islam (in the wilderness of America). White humanity was grafted out of the original black humanity using a wicked eugenics program 6,000 years ago. Fard Muhammad taught his followers a racialist formulation of Islam, which was elaborated by Elijah Muhammad: Islam was the only natural religion and Arabic the natural language of all people of color, especially blacks. Ford-though Elijah Muhammad, his successor, would vehemently deny the FBI’s claim. His origins are much disputed, but the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) asserted that he was the petty criminal Wallace D. Muhammad (also Mohammed), Wali Fard (pronounced “Farrad”) Muhammad, and Allah. The Nation of Islam began in 1930 in Detroit with the appearance of a mysterious man known variously as Master W. F.
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